Wednesday, 9 November 2022

Chandogya upanishad (ch.6,7&8)–22

Chapter 7, Sections 21 to 24 

Mantra 7-21-1

yada vai karotyatha nistishthati nakrtva nistishṭhati krtvaiva nistishthati krtistveva vijijnasitavyeti krtim bhagavo vijijnasa iti || 7.21.1 || iti ekavimsah khandah ||

(Sanatkumara said:) ‘When a person is given to Action (Karma Yoga), he becomes steadfast. If one does not engage in Action, one cannot have steadfastness. One attains steadfastness through Action. But one should try to know what Action means.’ (Narada replied,) ‘Sir, I want to know about Action’. End of section twenty-one.

            Karma Yoga (Action) gives one Chitta suddhi (purity of mind) and Chitta ekagratha (single-pointedness of mind) and it involves the repeated practice of Self-restraint and self-discipline which Sri Sankaracharya emphasises for cultivating Nishtha or steadfastness.   So Action is the best way to cultivate steadfastness.  Further the control of senses and concentration of thought helps one to serve the Guru better in the gurukula stay and to absorb his teachings.  Narada wants to practice Action and with Narada’s request the section ends.

Mantra 7-22-1

yada vai sukhaṃ labhate'tha karoti nasukham labdhva karoti sukhameva labdhva karoti sukham tveva vijijnasitavyamiti sukham bhagavo vijijnasa iti || 7.22.1 || iti dvavimsah khandah ||

(Sanatkumara said,) ‘A person Acts only when he expects to get Happiness (Sukham). He does not Act without expecting Happiness. Only to get Happiness one does Act. But the true nature of Happiness one must desire to understand.  (Narada replied,) ‘Revered sir, I want to know well the true nature of Happiness’.

            Every activity one consciously undertakes in life has for its goal some satisfaction and through satisfaction, happiness to oneself.  This applies to spiritual goals also.  In the context of spiritual life, it represents awakening in one of the spiritual urge to attain freedom from all sorrow. It is the search for everlasting Happiness either in the present or in the future, that makes a person turn Godward, failing to find it through worldly pursuits. Narada wants to understand this Happiness and the section ends with Narada’s request.

Mantra 7-23-1

yo vai bhuma tatsukham nalpe sukhamasti bhumaiva sukham bhuma tveva vijijnasitavya iti bhumanam bhagavo vijijnasa iti || 7.23.1 |||| iti trayovimsah khandah ||

(Sanatkumara said,) ‘That which is Infinite is alone Happiness. There is no Happiness in anything finite. Happiness is only in the Infinite. But one must desire to understand what the Infinite is.’ (Narada replied,) ‘Revered sir, I want to clearly understand the Infinite’.  End of section Twenty-three.

            Bhuma is Brahman that is Infinite without any limitations of Time and Space. It is Infinite in every respect while space is infinite space-wise only and Time is infinite time-wise only.  Sri Sankaracharya says, anything that is finite causes trshna, thirst, i.e. it increases one's desire for more.  Even if one possesses the whole world, still one would not be happy desiring other worlds or fearing losing this world. But on getting established in the Infinite, one feels totally peaceful and contented with no wants or fears. As is said in Bhagawad Gita (6-22), “Yasmin sthito na duhkhena gurunaapi vichaalyate (wherein established, he is not moved even by heavy sorrow)” for Bhuma is unequalled, unlimited and unsurpassed bliss.  Narada wants to know Bhuma and with Narada’s request the section ends.

Mantra 7-24-1

yatra nanyatpasyati nanyacchrnoti nanyadvijanati sa bhumatha yatranyatpasyatyanyacchrnotyanyadvijanati tadalpam yo vai bhuma tadamrtamatha yadalpam tanmartym sa bhagavah kasminpratisthita iti sve mahimni yadi va na mahimniti || 7.24.1 ||

(Sanatkumara said,) ‘Bhuma [the Infinite] is that in which one sees nothing else, hears nothing else, and understands nothing else. But alpa (the finite) is that in which one sees something else, hears something else, and understands something else. That which is Infinite alone is immortal, and that which is finite is mortal.’ (Narada asked,) ‘Revered sir, what does Bhuma rest on?’  (Sanatkumara replied,) ‘It rests on its own Power, or not even on its own Power (i.e., it depends on nothing else)’.

            This is a description of Bhuma, the Brahman.  At the level of Bhuma, the Infinite, there is only Bhuma; nothing but Bhuma. So in Bhuma there is no seer-seen duality, no hearer-heard duality, no knower-known duality and no subject-object duality. Bhuma is advaita vasthu.  Only in alpa, the finite nama-rupa, the duality and plurality exists.  Narada is not satisfied completely with this attempt at defining the Infinite. He is still thinking in terms of some object that he cannot yet imagine and so enquires whether Bhuma has any further basis or support.  Bhuma, the Infinite, does not depend on any other thing. It itself is the Substratum of all other things and has none upon which It rests. It supports itself. In fact, there is nothing besides Bhuma to speak of supporting or not supporting. There is just one. If there are two things, then only does the question of supporting arise.’  

Mantra 7-24-2

goasvamiha mahimetyachakshate hastihiranyam dasabharyam kshetranyayatananiti nahamevam bravimi bravimiti hovachanyohyanyasminpratishthita iti || 7.24.2 || iti chaturvimsah khandah ||

“Cattle, horses, elephants, gold, servants, wives, farmlands, and houses are counted as a person’s power in this world. I do not mean this type of power, for these things are not independent of each other.  What I am talking about is this-- “.  End of section 24

            In Vedic times cattle and animals, besides gold and farmlands, were treated as wealth and as a source of power.  In such a case, the owner and the possessions are mutually supportive.  The power of Bhuma, the Infinite, cannot be measured this way for it is all Power that is immeasurable and there being no second thing, the question of mutual support or dependence does not arise. More on this Bhuma, the Infinite, Sanathkumara will be explaining to Narada in the ensuing sections and this section ends here.

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