Friday, 21 October 2022

Chandogya upanishad (ch. 6,7 & 8) – 15

 Chapter 7, Sections 4 & 5

Mantra 7-4-1

sankalpo vava manaso bhuyanyada vai sankalpayate'tha manasyatyatha vachamirayati tamu namnirayati namni mantra ekam bhavanti mantreshu karmani || 7.4.1 ||

The will is certainly superior to the mind. When a person wills, he starts thinking. Then he directs the organ of speech, and finally he makes the organ of speech utter the name. All the Mantras merge in the names and all the actions merge in the Mantras.

            Will (Sankalpa) is the discriminatory power that differentiates between proper and improper action and it is higher than the mind as ‘Will’ functions as the central office for the other three factors i.e. mind, speech and name. ‘Will’ takes the decision that later mind executes through speech and name. The mind is, no doubt, important but it needs to be guided by the ‘Will’ as the mind is a bundle of desires and is always wavering.  Further when Mantras are recited with Sankalpa only they become powerful and yield result and without Sankalpa they are mere words only.

Mantras 7-4-2&3

tani ha va etani sankalpaikayanani sankalpatmakani sankalpe pratishthitani samaklpataṃ dyavaprthivi samakalpetam vayuschakasam cha samakalpantapascha tejascha tesham sam klptyai varsham sankalpate varshasya samklptya annam sankalpate'nnasya sam klptyai pranah sankalpante prananam sam klptyai mantrah sankalpante mantranam sam klptyai karmani sankalpante karmanam samklptyai lokah sankalpate lokasya sam klptyai sarvam sankalpate sa esha sankalpah sankalpamupassveti || 7.4.2 ||

sa yah sankalpam brahmetyupaste samklptanvai sa lokandhruvandhruvah pratishthitan pratishthito'vyathamananavyathamano'bhisidhyati yavatsamkalpasya gataṃ tatrasya yathakamacharo bhavati yah samkalpam brahmetyupaste'sti bhagavah sankalpadbhuya iti sankalpadvava bhuyo'stiti tanme bhagavanbravitviti || 7.4.3 || iti chaturthah khandah ||

All these things [mind, speech, name, etc.] merge in Sankalpa, arise from Sankalpa, and are supported by Sankalpa.  Heaven and earth will, and so do air, space, water, and fire. (That is, their Sankalpa drives them to play their role.) Through their will the rain wills, and through the will of the rain, food wills. The will of food is the will of life. The will of life is the will of the Mantras, and the will of the Mantras is the will of all activities. The will of the activities is the will of the worlds, and the will of the worlds determines the will of everything. Such is the will. Worship this will. (2)  ‘One who worships Sankalpa as Brahman attains worlds as per his Sankalpa – himself being permanent, the permanent worlds; himself being well-established, the well-established worlds; and himself being undistressed, the undistressed worlds.  One who worships Sankalpa as Brahman can do what he pleases in the sphere within the reach of Sankalpa.’ Narada asked, ‘Revered sir, is there anything higher than Sankalpa?’ ‘Of course there is something higher than Sankalpa,’ replied Sanatkumara.  Narada then said, ‘Revered sir, please explain that to me’. (3) End of fourth section.

            Sanathkumara tells Narada that Sankalpa (Will) is the beginning and end of everything concerning the mind and that because of Sankalpa, each of the forces of nature plays its role, as if each knows the duty it is supposed to perform and has made a Sankalpa to do it. The nature goes on, the society goes on, the world goes on due to their doing their respective duties as per their Sankalpa.   So Sanathkumara advises Narada to meditate on Sankalpa as Brahman i.e. Sankalpa Brahma Upasana.  Mantra 7-4-3 is similar to Mantras 7-3-2, 7-2-2 and 7-1-5, with Sanathkumara giving the benefit of sakama upasana as gaining punyam to go to any Loka within the reach of the Alambanam, Sankalpa, himself being equipped aptly as per the nature of that world and Narada wanting to know whether there is anything higher than Sankalpa. Sanathkumara replies in the affirmative and Narada wants to know it.  Sanathkumara agrees and the section ends.

Mantra 7-5-1

chittam vava sankalpadbhuyo yada vai cetayate'tha sankalpayate'tha manasyatyatha vachamirayati tamu namnirayati namni mantra ekam bhavanti mantreshu karmani || 7.5.1 ||

Intelligence is certainly superior to will. A person first understands, and then he wills. Next he intends in mind, and then he sends forth speech and he sends it forth in a name. All the Mantras merge in the names, and all the (sacrificial) actions merge in the Mantras.

            Higher than Sankalpa is ChitthamChittham is intelligence, the ability to think well, taking all the relevant information into consideration before making a decision. It is right understanding of what to do in a present situation in the light of past experience.  It is subtler than all that we have considered thus far (will, mind, speech and name) and hence it pervades all that we have discussed so far.  As Chittham leads to proper action and action covers will, mind, speech and name, it is the karanam for the other four.

Mantras 7-5-2&3

tani ha va etani chittaikayanani chittatmani chitte pratishthitani tasmadyadyapi bahuvidachitto bhavati nayamastityevainamahuryadayaṃ veda yadva ayaṃ vidvannetthamachittah syadityatha yadyalpavicchittavanbhavati tasma evotha susrushante chittamhyevaishamekayanam chittamatma chittam prathishtha chittamupassveti || 7.5.2 ||

sa yaschittam brahmetyupaste chittanvai sa lokandhruvandhruvah pratishthitanpratishthito'vyathamananavyathamano'bhisidhyati yavacchittasya gatham tatrasya yathakamacharo bhavati yaschittaṃ brahmetyupaste'sti bhagavaschittadbhuya iti chittadvava bhuyo'stiti tanme bhagavanbravitviti || 7.5.3 || iti panchamah khandah ||

All these [will, mind, etc.] merge in intelligence, are directed by intelligence, and are supported by intelligence. That is why, a person may be learned but if he is dull, people [ignore him and] say: ‘He does not exist, no matter how much he seems to know. If he were really learned, he would not be so foolish.’ On the other hand, if a person is not learned but he is intelligent, people will listen to him [with respect]. It is intelligence that governs all these. It is their soul and their support. Therefore, worship intelligence. (2) ‘One who worships intelligence as Brahman attains worlds of intelligence – himself being permanent, the permanent worlds; himself being well-established, the well-established worlds; and himself being undistressed, the undistressed worlds.  One who worships intelligence as Brahman can do what he pleases in the sphere within the reach of intelligence.’  Narada asked, ‘Revered sir, is there anything higher than intelligence?’  ‘Of course there is something higher than intelligence,’ replied Sanatkumara.  Narada then said, ‘Revered sir, please explain that to me’. (3) End of fifth section.

            Intelligence is more valuable than sheer factual knowledge or information. The intellect is the power that utilizes information intelligently to make good decisions. The person with intelligence has the ability to respond rightly to what he encounters in the world. He has presence of mind. He is fully alert. He takes in the whole picture and then makes his decision. Intelligence is, indeed, the very soul of knowledge. One who is simply like an ‘encyclopaedia’ of knowledge is not greatly respected if he does not have intelligence added to it, as people are very quick to notice this.  However, there are people who may not know much, but the little they know they use with intelligence. They are found to be more successful than the others who know more but do not have intelligence.  So Sanathkumara advises Narada to meditate on Chittham as Brahman i.e. Chitttha Brahma Upasana.  Mantra 7-5-3 is similar to Mantras 7-4-3, 7-3-2, 7-2-2 and 7-1-5, with Sanathkumara giving the benefit of sakama upasana as gaining punyam to go to any Loka within the reach of the Alambanam, Chittham, himself being equipped aptly as per the nature of the world and Narada wanting to know whether there is anything higher than Chittham. Sanathkumara replies in the affirmative and Narada wants to know it.  Sanathkumara agrees and the section ends.

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