Ramana Maharishi had no mortal
guru and did not leave the mountain and its surroundings in Tiruvannamalai
after he renounced everything except for the loin cloth. Initially he spent
most of the time in meditation and silence and even when he started
communicating with others it was mostly for answering their questions, clearing
their doubts and for guiding those who sought his guidance. He gave no discourses or held classes in so
much so there are some who have doubts whether he can be called a guru. But in Swami Vivekananda’s case there can be
no such doubt as he had a mortal guru, if not a sampradaya guru, in Sri
Ramkrishna, to whom he attributed all the success in his efforts and all the
fame and glory that attended his efforts.
He travelled widely, lectured profusely, wrote books, took classes on
Yoga and Vedanta, and founded the Ramakrishna mission along with the brother
disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. The
uniqueness and greatness of this work was that it was the forerunner for
similar Hindu religious organisations to engage in social and relief work and
in propagation of scriptures. We shall
see briefly the life of Swami
Vivekananda, a Jeevanmuktha of inspiring and infectious dynamism.
Narendranath, who later became Swami Vivekananda and whom we shall call Naren hereafter, was born as the first son of Viswanath Datta,
a successful lawyer, and Bhuvaneswari Devi, a pious woman on 12th
January 1863 in Calcutta. He used to hear stories from Mahabharata and Ramayana
from his mother and he loved in particular the story of Sri Rama. He also bought a small clay image of Sri Rama
and Sita and worshipped it with flowers. He was very naughty as a child. But he would become quiet when cold water was
poured over his head uttering ‘Siva’ in his ear. He also liked to play at
meditation. He with one or two of his friends would go to a secluded place and
would play the game of meditation in front of an image of Sita-Rama or Shiva.
On one such occasion a cobra appeared there. While the other boys ran away
shouting, Naren remained lost in meditation
and did not move. The snake soon went away.
He later told his parents when enquired that he was feeling very happy at
that time and did not hear his friends shouting about the snake.
As a student, he was brilliant with an enquiring mind
and a good memory. Besides studies he
excelled in music, games and gymnastics.
He was restless and active, not only in physical activities but also in
his desire to understand God. This led
him to intense meditation and study of various systems of philosophy and of
different religions. His education equipped him with deep understanding of
different religions and systems of philosophy.
But they did not satisfy his quest for God. None of the spiritual luminaries including
Debendranath Tagore, the Brahma Samaj doyen, could answer straight to his question,
‘Have you seen God?’ The only person who
could answer this straight was the saint of Dakshineswar, Sri Ramakrishna
Paramahamsa. First time Naren heard about him, was from his English professor,
Hastie, who referred to Sri Ramakrishna as one who has realised God. Soon Naren had an
opportunity to meet Sri Ramakrishna, when one of Naren’s friends invited him to
sing a few devotional songs before Sri Ramakrisna, who was visiting that house.
Sri Ramakrishna was impressed by Naren’s singing and he invited Naren to Dakshineswar.
A few days later when Naren visited Dakshineswar, he popped the question to Sri
Ramakrishna, “Sir, Have you seen God?” And
pat came the reply: “Yes, I have seen God.
I see him as I see you here, only more clearly” The conviction in Sri Ramakrishna’s voice
impressed Naren immensely and Sri Ramakrishna was also equally impressed by the
sincerity of Naren’s quest. Thus was laid the seeds of a unique Guru-sishya
relationship where the Guru made the sishya famous by passing on his spiritual
powers to sishya and the sishya made Guru famous by laying all his achievements
at Guru’s feet and singing Guru’s glory in all national and international
forums.
Though Naren was impressed, he was confused also
because Sri Ramakrishna’s behaviour was a bit strange. When Sri Ramakrishna saw Naren, he was very
happy as if he was meeting a close friend after a long time; he even wept in
joy, made Naren sit by his side and fed Naren sweets with his own hand and as Naren
sang he went into ecstasy and as Naren took leave, he insisted that Naren
should visit him often and Naren also knew that some people referred to Sri
Ramakrishna as madman of Dakshineswar.
But yet he visited Sri Ramakrishna, after a month. This time Sri Ramakrishna asked Naren to sit
by his side and touched Naren. At this touch Naren had a strange experience.
The walls and the room seemed to whirl round and round and then vanish. He
thought that he was about to die and he became frightened. He cried out, “What is
this that you are doing to me? I have my parents at home.” Sri Ramakrishna laughed and stroked Naren’s
chest. At his touch the strange
experience was gone and Naren found everything the same as it had been before. Now Naren knew Sri Ramakrishna was no ordinary
saint. He developed deep respect for Sri
Ramakrishna though there were still many unanswered questions in his mind.
He did not hesitate to voice his doubts and to argue
with Sri Ramakrishna, when he was not convinced. This was especially in the
field of idol worship. Sri Ramakrishna
was an ardent devotee of Goddess Kali, whom he referred to as Divine Mother and
he also asserted that the Divine Mother talked to him and made him realize
Naren’s sterling qualities which made Naren so dear to him. Naren as member of
Brahma samaj believed in formless God and could not see divinity in idol. Sri Ramakrishna even remarked once, “If
you do not accept my views why do you come to me?” Naren replied “I come because I love you. But
that does not mean that I will accept your words without thinking for myself.” Sri
Ramakrishna was not annoyed, but only appreciated his honesty and independent,
logical mind. He continued to shower
affection on him, persevere patiently with him clearing his doubts and
guiding him in sadhanas and his pure selfless love and faith in Naren
won Naren over and Naren realized after a time that Para Bhakthi,
supreme devotion to God in an idol and Brahma Jnanam, the supreme
knowledge, are no different and lead to the same goal and he became an ardent
disciple of Sri Ramakrishna and an ardent devotee of Divine Mother. Around this time two things happened that
distressed him deeply. One was
his father’s death, which left the family penniless and second Sri Ramakrishna’s
illness with cancer. In spite of his
inability to find a regular job and poverty at home, he did not discontinue his
visits to Sri Ramakrishna. He joined other disciples in nursing him. Sri
Ramakrishna gave specific instructions to Naren regarding a new monastic order,
made him leader of the band of disciples and endowed him with all his spiritual
powers before shedding his mortal body on 16th August 1886.
After the passing away of Sri
Ramakrishna, his disciples started living together in a dilapidated building in
Baranagar and formed a monastic brotherhood under the leadership of Naren. They
took the formal vows of sanyasa and assumed new names. Naren did not take a
permanent name, using the name Vividhishananda most of the time. The name Vivekananda, he took much later at
the suggestion of Maharaja of Khetri i.e. before leaving for America to attend
the Parliament of Religions. But we shall hereafter refer to him as Swami Vivekananda
only. Sometime after establishing the new
monastic order, Swami Vivekananda was feeling restless as he felt an inner call
of a greater mission in life to serve the masses of India. So in the middle of
1890, after taking the blessings of Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi, whom he
respected equally as Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda left Baranagar Math and
embarked on a long journey of exploration and discovery of India.
He travelled the length and breadth of the country as a parivrajaka
sanyasi. During the travels, he did not carry money, eat only the food that
came to him and travelled by foot to the next destination, unless somebody
offered him a train ticket to that place. In his travels he stayed in huts,
houses and palaces as well as on the roadside and open fields at times, and sometimes
remained hungry when nobody offered any food. During his travels all over India, Swami
Vivekananda was deeply moved to see the appalling poverty and backwardness of
the masses. He realized that they also
suffered from low self-esteem and had lost their desire and capacity to better
their lot owing to centuries of oppression and social taboos. He also saw that, in spite of poverty, the
masses clung to religion, but they had never been exposed to the uplifting
message of Vedanta that talked about the divinity of human Self. He resolved to make it his life’s work to
strive for restoring their self-respect, infusing confidence in themselves and
get them out of the mire of blind superstitions in the name of religion. It is this work and his inspiring messages to
this end that made Subhash Bose remark, “ Modern India is Vivekananda’s
creation.” and Jawahalal Nehru observe
“....he
came as a tonic to the depressed and demoralized Hindu mind and gave it
self-reliance and some roots in the past.”
During his travels he met Maharaja
of Khetri, who became his ardent admirer and life-long disciple. After staying for some time with him he
continued his travels to Gujarat, Maharashtra and South India. By now he has
become widely known and various people invited him to their places. Wherever he
went the people he met were struck by his wide learning, commanding eloquence and
magnetic personality, and it was the expressed desire of one and all of them that
he should represent Hinduism in the
Parliament of religions to be held at Chicago, U.S.A. But Swami Vivekananda, who had his own doubts
regarding going to a foreign land did not agree immediately. He continued his
travel to Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of India. Here he swam three miles in the sea to reach
an isolated off-shore rock and sat there for three days in meditation. There in meditation he felt that it is also the
will of Sri Ramakrishna that he should go to America to attend the Parliament
of Religions. When he swam back it was with a resolve
to attend the Parliment of Religions to carry the message of Vedanta to West
and also get funds for the missionary work of uplift of poor, down-trodden
masses of India.
Then with the funds collected
by his well-wishers and ticket provided by Maharaja of Khetri, Swami
Vivekananda set sail for America from Bombay in a ship bound for Canada. His
opening address in the Parliament of religions was a stirring success. The thunderous applause that greeted his
opening words ‘’My dear Sisters and Brothers of America” took some time to die
down. Later in the course of his address,
as he quoted from Gita “Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach
him; all men are struggling through paths which in the end lead to me.” to emphasise the doctrine of acceptance
enshrined in Hinduism he won the
hearts of the assembled and his addresses then and later in the Parliament made
headlines in local and national press. Of his inaugural
address Romain Rolland remarks: “when this unknown young man of about
thirty appeared in Chicago at the inaugural meeting of the Parliament of
Religions, all his fellow-members were forgotten in his commanding
presence. His strength and beauty, the
grace and dignity of his bearing, the light of his eyes, and his imposing
presence, from the moment he began to speak, the splendid music of his deep
rich voice enthralled the vast American Anglo-Saxons … and left a deep mark
upon the United States”. The hardships
faced until the moment became a thing of the past as Swami Vivekananda was
warmly welcomed thereafter, wherever he went in West. He toured United States, England and France for
more than three years meeting many scholars, delivering lectures, holding
classes, and establishing Vedanta societies to continue the work started by
him. His watchword “The goal is to
manifest the divinity within ----- Books and temples and churches are secondary
details’ caught the imagination of the people everywhere.
After the tour of U.S.A and Europe, he returned to India after a period
of three and a half years, to a hero’s welcome in all the places he visited
thereafter. As he landed in Pamban, he
was warmly greeted by huge crowds, including Raja of Ramnad, who had gathered
there. Then he was taken in a procession in a carriage drawn by Raja himself along with other admirers of Swamiji. It was a triumphal march from Rameswaram to
Chennai as at every station the train stopped, crowds had gathered to have his darsan
and he had to get down, receive the welcome address and speak to the
crowd. The same happened in Chennai, only
it was in a bigger and grander scale with welcome arches and fireworks. So
tired he became by the continuous lecturing without rest that he dropped the
idea of going by train to Calcutta and travelled by ship to receive yet another
grand welcome there with bands and banners. Swamiji was glad to rejoin his
brother monks and they were thrilled to see their Naren return as the world
famous Swami Vivekananda. After another
round of receptions and lectures in major cities of North India, Swami
Vivekananda settled in Calcutta for some time.
He founded in 1897 a
unique type of organization known as Ramakrishna Mission, in which monks and
lay people could jointly undertake propagation of Practical Vedanta, and various
forms of social service, such as running hospitals, schools, colleges, hostels,
rural development centres etc, and conducting massive relief and rehabilitation
work for victims of earthquakes, cyclones and other calamities, in different
parts of India and other countries.
In 1898,
a plot of land was purchased at Belur, wherein the present Math came up. In
1899, he again went to West. This time he spent most of the time in California
conducting classes on Gita and Vedanta.
He returned to India and Belur Math in 1900. Incessant work has taken toll of his
health. His health which was not good
even before his second visit to West, now grew worse. But he continued his travels and lectures,
though not that frequently and widely as before. Even while in Belur math he conducted
classes, guided people both monastic and lay. Even on his last day on earth, 4th
July 1902, he was taking classes on Sanskrit grammar. He was only thirty nine
when he shed his mortal coils. But
within that time he wrote and spoke so much that his collected works run into
eight volumes and he travelled so widely and so successfully to preach the
practical Vedanta that K. M.Panikkar, the eminent historian calls him “New
Sankaracharya”. He lives today not only
through his pioneering work but also through his inspiring message to youth of
India ”Arise, Awake and Stop not till the goal is reached”.
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